Wearable, self-cleaning, ultrathin and flexible biosensor with automatic sweat processing capability for non-invasive cytokine monitoring

Immune responses occur throughout human lifespan. Monitoring immune response intensity in real-time has substantial research significance. Puncture-based blood sampling combined with complex instruments for intermittent measurement hinders immune response research. This study introduces a wearable monitoring system composed of differential wettability liquid auto-transport channels, electrospun oil-resistant filtration coatings, gold nanoparticle-aptamer arrays, and indium oxide field-effect transistors. The system enables self-driven sweat transport and coarse impurity filtration, allowing for the detection of low-concentration cytokines in sweat over a range of 0.1 pM to 1 nM. The wearable system offers skin conformity, ultra-thin flexibility, and recyclability. Real-time cytokine monitoring will help identify abnormal immune responses in the body and provide valuable insights for clinical diagnosis and disease treatment.