Walking Behavior Modeling in Urban Pedestrian-Only Spaces for Analysing Multiple Factors Influencing Pedestrian Density Distribution

Urban pedestrian-only spaces face challenges like inadequate leisure experiences and user discomfort. To enhance spatial conditions, it is crucial to evaluate various influencing factors. Many studies focus on individual elements, missing the benefits of a comprehensive approach. This study aims to propose a pedestrian behavior prediction model that establishes the relationship between multiple spatial factors and pedestrian distribution. We introduce a two-layer simulation framework for pedestrian dynamics, comprising a tactic layer responsible for path planning and an operational layer for velocity prediction based on the social force model. This framework enhances prediction accuracy, achieving a 46.3% improvement over the conventional model. Moreover, it underscores the importance of a holistic approach, emphasizing the need to consider group dynamics and random behaviors in pedestrian modeling.