Visualization-based characterization of standing-wave electrodynamic dust shields under rectangular driving signals

Solar soiling motivates active, non-mechanical dust mitigation for photovoltaic surfaces. A time-resolved, image-based framework is developed for standing-wave electrodynamic dust shields driven by rectangular pulses. Dust migration is linked to performance using the dust removal ratio (DRR), intra-cycle transients, and early-stage morphology. Interdigitated electrodes with controlled width w, spacing d, and panel tilt θ are used to map the operating window. Cleaning becomes effective above 1 kV_p−p and performs best at 2–2.5 kV_p−p. Within the tested 1–20 Hz range, performance peaks near 10 Hz, whereas frequencies around 16 Hz and above promote residue pinning. Narrow electrodes generally outperform wider ones. Electrode spacing introduces a trade-off: larger spacing weakens actuation in the gap but can improve hopping pathways. Near-surface field components indicate that the normal field is strongest and most localized near electrode edges, where detachment is preferentially triggered. Higher moisture content degrades cleaning by reducing particle charge and strengthening adhesion.