Ultrasound-assisted green and efficient extraction of polysaccharides from Chlorella vulgaris using deep eutectic solvents and improving their performance

In this study, ultrasound-assisted natural deep-eutectic solvents (NaDESs) were used to extract Chlorella. A safe and stable Ect-Pan DES (DES formed by ectoin and panthenol) was prepared by mixing different molar ratios of ectoin and panthenol. Compared with traditional extraction methods, Ect-Pan DES combined with ultrasonic treatment not only saves time but also improves the extraction efficiency of Chlorella (5.32 mg g⁻¹). Chlorella extract has good skin permeability and can penetrate the skin cuticle to the epidermis and dermis. Chlorella extract has good anti-wrinkle and firming effects on the human body along with its biosafety, biocompatibility, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, Chlorella extract has potential for application as an anti-wrinkle agent for anti-wrinkle cosmetics.