Two-Stage Reserve Scheduling of Commercial Building HVAC System for Coordinated Frequency Regulation and Demand Response

This paper proposes a two-stage reserve scheduling framework for commercial building HVAC systems to enable simultaneous participation in frequency regulation (FR) and demand response (DR) programs. In the first stage, a day-ahead co-optimization model determines the baseline operation and the hourly FR reserve capacity of the supply fan. In the second stage, the chiller's DR capacity is quantitatively assessed by leveraging the building's thermal inertia, using a structured three-phase load shifting strategy that includes pre-cooling, load adjustment, and post-event recovery. Simulation studies based on a medium-sized commercial building validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This integrated scheduling framework provides a physically grounded and market-compatible strategy for enhancing the grid-interactive capabilities of commercial building HVAC systems.