Tri-spectral decoupled programmable thermal emitter for multimode camouflage with heterogeneous phase-change integration

Camouflage technology requires tailoring of the optical characteristics of objects against possible detection. Currently, there are three essential spectra, namely, 0.36-0.83 μm, 3-5 μm, and 8-14 μm, corresponding to the commonly used visible camera and thermal detectors. Thus, to fulfil the mentioned requirement, herein, we present the efficient design and optimization of a tri-spectral decoupled thermal emitter using a heterogeneous integrated phase-change material (PCM) multilayer composed of vanadium dioxide (VO₂) and In₃SbTe₂ (IST). This thermal emitter could theoretically feature both structural colors across the visible range and independently programmable emissivity modulation with up to 80% absolute tuning in two infrared detection regions. Additionally, two methods for achieving confusing and deceptive colored thermal camouflage are proposed based on this thermal emitter, enhancing camouflage disorientation capabilities and enabling the generation of deceptive infrared images that mimic other objects. Thus, this work offers a near-perfect solution with flexible designs for camouflage in complex environments.