The Rise of “Cyborgs” in Smart Cities: Review and Open Research Issues

Cyborgs have existed since the late 1960s, but their real rise to fame happened in recent years. Due to the development of various technologies, such as the Internet of Things, mobile Internet, cloud computing, and big data, cyborgs are now being integrated into smart cities as connected devices. This paper aims to overview the state-of-the-art research on cyborgs in smart cities. The main objective is to provide researchers with an overview of current developments, especially regarding the use of cyborgs within smart cities. Furthermore, we aim to identify research topics that previous studies have not yet addressed. To achieve these goals, we first review several relevant concepts related to smart cities and cyborgs and discuss their relationship with each other. Then we examine current research models on smart cities and related issues such as privacy protection. In addition, we present a survey on the existing cyborg research in smart cities. Finally, we give insights into future research directions and challenges for developing cyborg technology for smart cities.