Study on flow evolution in S zone of pump-turbine considering runner tip-gap flow

The S-shaped characteristics of high-parameter pump-turbines are the main factor of its stable operation, and the fundamental way to deal with the S-region lie in hydraulic design. For an ultra-high head pump-turbine, a crucial step to do this is a deeper study of the S-region characteristics through considering its tip-gap flows. This paper presents numerical simulations of the 3-D steady flows in a prototype pump-turbine in China, using a RNG k-ε turbulence model. The pressure distributions, flow regimes and structures, and vortex distributions in the main channel and tip gaps are analyzed, and it is deviated from design operation, the pressure gradient keeps increasing sharply in both the vaneless section and tip-gap passages, until its maximum value occurs under reverse pump operation. A circumferentially distributed ring forms in the vaneless section is found, which retains a high pressure and a huge pressure difference from its surroundings, thereby causing unstable operation, vibration and noise. This is an important cause of the S-shaped characteristics, and deepens our understanding of ultra-high head pumped storage units for better hydraulic designs.