State-of-the-art review of deep-sea wind turbine: installation, cost, instability, flow-induced oscillation, failure, maintenance, and power cost

Offshore wind power, especially from deep-sea floating turbines, is a renewable energy source that has proven its potential thanks to the strength and reliability of available wind resources. This review paper highlights the challenges of deep-sea floating wind turbines, focusing on installation, cost, instability, flow-induced oscillation, failure, maintenance, and optimization to enhance economic feasibility and accelerate wind energy adoption. Deploying floating structures in deep water is theoretically feasible but requires expensive and logistically difficult specialized installation vessels and equipment. Major obstacles include expensive startup and running costs, structural fatigue and wear from vibrations and instability, and material deterioration in harsh environments. While structural stability is a key design achievement, effective maintenance is essential for ensuring turbine reliability, availability, and long-term operation. Enhancing operational cost-effectiveness is closely linked to the adoption of autonomous maintenance technologies, predictive analytics, and advanced control systems. The key to achieving a competitive levelized cost of electricity compared to other energy resources is an optimized floating wind turbine design that minimizes both capital costs and operational expenditure while attaining higher efficiency. To increase the economic feasibility of floating wind turbines and promote the worldwide shift to renewable energy, this study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and development throughout all life cycle phases.