Secure Load Frequency Control of Power Systems With Renewable Energy and Cyber Attacks Based on Resilient High-Order Control Barrier Functions

This article proposes a secure load frequency control scheme for multiarea power systems subject to renewable energy disturbances and false data injection attacks (FDIAs). A novel integration of high-order control barrier functions (HOCBFs) and disturbance observers (DOBs) is presented. The DOB provides real-time estimation and compensation of disturbances and the HOCBF rigorously enforces frequency safety constraints under dynamic uncertainties. A key innovation is the development of a resilient HOCBF (R-HOCBF) to counteract diverse FDIA types, including scaling, additive, and affine attacks, by guaranteeing safety over the full range of attack parameters. Stability and safety are unified within a quadratic programming formulation. Simulations on a three-area power system demonstrate effectiveness of the scheme in maintaining frequency within safe limits under concurrent renewable variations and cyber attacks, outperforming conventional PI and standalone DOB-based methods.