Seasonal influence on age-structured invasive species with yearly generation

How do seasonal successions inuence the propagation dynamics of an age-structured invasive species? We investigate this problem by considering the scenario that the offsprings are reproduced in spring and then reach maturation in fall within the same year. For this purpose, a reaction-diffusion system is proposed, with yearly periodic time delay and spatially nonlocal response caused by the periodic developmental process. By appealing to the recently developed dynamical system theories, we obtain the invasion speed c and its coincidence with the minimal speed of time periodic traveling waves. The characterizations of c suggest that (i) time delay decreases the speed and its periodicity may further do so; (ii) the optimal time to slow down the invasion is the season without juveniles; and (iii) the speed increases to infinity with the same order as the square root of the diffusion rate.