Scalable Fabrication of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Perovskite photovoltaic (PV) technology toward commercialization relies on high power conversion efficiency (PCE), long lifetime, and low-toxicity in addition to development of scalable fabrication protocols, optimization of large-area solar module structures, and a positive cost-benefit assessment. Although small-area metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show PCE up to 24.2%, the efficiency gap between small- and large-area PSC devices is still large. Worldwide research efforts have been directed toward developing scalable fabrication strategies for perovskite solar modules. In this Review, we share our view regarding the current-stage challenges for the fabrication of perovskite solar modules with areas greater than 200 cm², summarize recent progress in minimizing the efficiency gap, and highlight what strategies warrant further investigation for moving perovskite PV technology toward industrial scale. These strategies include learning from other commercialized thin-film PV technologies, analyzing the current status of perovskite solar modules employing solution- and vapor-based scalable fabrication techniques, and optimizing large-area module designs. Considering cost analysis and operational stability profiles, carbon electrode-based devices are particularly promising.