Review-gassing mechanism and suppressing solutions in Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-based lithium-ion batteries

Featured with 'zero-strain' structure and a lithiation potential of ∼1.55 V vs. Li⁺/Li, spinel lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LTO) has found promising applications as an anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in large-scale, high-power stationary energy storage systems and electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs). However, due to the gas formation in charge/discharge and regular storage processes, the practical applications of LTO are limited severely. Considerable efforts have been taken to reveal the gassing mechanism of LTO anodes. In this report, various gassing sources are investigated to provide a comprehensive overview on LTO gassing mechanisms which have been proposed. In addition, efficient solutions to suppressing LTO gassing are discussed systematically. This report is expected to provide the most up-to-date insights into LTO toward lithium-ion batteries with improved applicability.