Revealing the Chemical Instability of Mg₃Sb_2-xBi_x-Based Thermoelectric Materials

n-Type Mg₃Sb_2-xBi_x alloys have been regarded as promising thermoelectric materials due to their excellent performance and low cost. For practical applications, the thermoelectric performance is not the only factor that should be taken into consideration. In addition, the chemical and thermal stabilities of the thermoelectric material are of equal importance for the module design. Previous studies reported that the Mg₃Sb_2-xBi_x alloys were unstable in an ambient environment. In this work, we found that Mg₃Sb_2-xBi_x alloys reacted with H₂O and O₂ at room temperature and formed amorphous Mg(OH)₂/MgO and crystalline Bi/Sb. The substantial loss of Mg resulted in a significant deterioration in thermoelectric properties, accompanied by the transition from n-type to p-type. With the increase in Bi content, the chemical stability decreased due to the higher formation energy of Mg₃Bi₂. A chemically stable Mg₃Bi₂ sample was achieved by coating it with polydimethylsiloxane to isolate H₂O and O₂ in the air.