Research progress on constitutive model of masonry

A comprehensive review and analysis of the current state and development trends of constitutive models for masonry structures was presented. The basic physical properties and main failure modes of masonry were elaborated in detail, and different modeling approaches for masonry were compared. The homogenized masonry constitutive models were systematically categorized into three types based on their theoretical foundations, including macro-empirical models, macro-mechanical models, and damage evolution models. The constitutive models adopted in the analysis of historic masonry buildings were summarized, and the theoretical basis, advantages, and limitations of various modeling approaches were discussed. The results show that the macro-empirical constitutive models are simple and practical but lack physical meaning and cannot accurately describe the complex failure processes of masonry. The macro-mechanical constitutive models have clear physical significance and can better reflect the mechanical behavior of masonry, but parameter identification is difficult and computational complexity is high. The damage evolution based constitutive models can effectively describe the complete failure process of masonry and have important application value in seismic analysis of modern masonry structures, but they involve numerous parameters with complex calibration procedures. The simplified constitutive models are commonly adopted in the analysis of historic masonry buildings to balance computational accuracy and efficiency. The current constitutive models still have limitations in describing the complete failure process of masonry, requiring further research on more accurate and practical constitutive models, along with the establishment of corresponding parameter determination methods and numerical implementation techniques.