Recent developments in energy storage systems for marine environment

Marine batteries are designed specifically for marine vehicles with heavier plates and robust construction to withstand the vibration and pounding that can occur on board any powerboat. These batteries are specially developed to meet the potential and futuristic needs of sea vehicle applications. This paper reviews several types of energy storage systems for marine environments, which have been extensively used to improve the overall performance of marine vehicles. Key technological developments and scientific challenges are considered for a broad range of marine batteries. The primary and secondary marine battery technologies are discussed, and the corresponding outputs are reported in terms of energy capacity, charging-discharging rates, cycle life, energy and power density, shelf life, and their environmental impact. The performance comparison is analyzed for various batteries such as lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, and open water-powered batteries for marine applications. After a brief discussion on these technologies, the global scenario of the marine battery market is reported, which is segmented by regions, applications, and ship types. Further, we summarize the eco-marine power system, and the future directions of marine energy storage systems are highlighted, followed by advanced Al-battery technology and marine energy storage industry outlooks up to 2025.