Rapid detection of capsaicinoids via a Bi₂S₃/rGO/MWCNT-COOH-modified screen-printed electrode coupled with glass bead-assisted ultrasonic extraction

In order to achieve rapid extraction and sensitive detection of capsaicinoids, this study combined glass bead-assisted ultrasound extraction with a Bi₂S₃/rGO/MWCNT-COOH-modified screen-printed electrode. By integrating ethanol-water solvents and glass beads, the ultrasonic cavitation effect was enhanced, reducing the extraction time from 50 minutes to 22 minutes while maintaining high efficiency. The composite-modified SPE exhibited superior electrochemical performance, achieving a detection limit of 26 nM through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response surface methodology optimized extraction parameters and real-sample validation demonstrated high reliability (recovery: 94.70-110.50%) and consistency with HPLC results. This approach offers a rapid, eco-friendly solution for on-site analysis of capsaicinoids in food safety and quality control applications.