Pulsed dynamic electrolysis enhanced PEMWE hydrogen production: Revealing the effects of pulsed electric fields on protons mass transport and hydrogen bubble escape

The transition of hydrogen sourcing from carbon-intensive to water-based methodologies is underway, with renewable energy-powered proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) emerging as the preeminent pathway for hydrogen production. Despite remarkable advancements in this field, confronting the sluggish electrochemical kinetics and inherent high-energy consumption arising from deteriorated mass transport within PEMWE systems remains a formidable obstacle. This impediment stems primarily from the hindered protons mass transfer and the untimely hydrogen bubbles detachment. To address these challenges, we harness the inherent variability of electrical energy and introduce an innovative pulsed dynamic water electrolysis system. Compared to constant voltage electrolysis (hydrogen production rate: 51.6 mL h⁻¹, energy consumption: 5.37 kWh Nm⁻³ H₂), this strategy (hydrogen production rate: 66 mL h⁻¹, energy consumption: 3.83 kWh Nm⁻³ H₂) increases the hydrogen production rate by approximately 27% and reduces the energy consumption by about 28%. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practicality of this system by integrating it with an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system designed for outdoor operation, successfully driving a hydrogen production current of up to 500 mA under an average voltage of approximately 2 V. The combined results of in-situ characterization and finite element analysis reveal the performance enhancement mechanism: pulsed dynamic electrolysis (PDE) dramatically accelerates the enrichment of protons at the electrode/solution interface and facilitates the release of bubbles on the electrode surface. As such, PDE-enhanced PEMWE represents a synergistic advancement, concurrently enhancing both the hydrogen generation reaction and associated transport processes. This promising technology not only redefines the landscape of electrolysis-based hydrogen production but also holds immense potential for broadening its application across a diverse spectrum of electrocatalytic endeavors.