Precipitation behavior in G-phase strengthened ferritic stainless steels

A series of G-phase strengthened ferritic stainless steels Fe-20Cr-3Ni-3Si-X (X = 2Mn, 1Mn-2Ti, 1Mn-2Nb and 1Mn-2Ta) are characterized after aging using experimental (microhardness, TEM and APT) and theoretical (DFT) techniques. The results indicate that the Ni₁₆Mn₆Si₇ G-phase shows sluggish precipitation during aging treatment. This was attributed to the small difference in the enthalpy of formation between the Ni₁₆Mn₆Si₇ G- and BCC phase and the requirement of high Ni:Fe ratio. A superfine Ni₁₆Ti₆Si₇ G-phase was found to precipitate as a core accompanied with an “envelope” of Fe₂TiSi-L2₁ Heusler phase during early aging (≤24 h) in the Ti containing alloy. This morphology is predicted to occur due to early Ni clustering in ferrite and a negative Ni concentration gradient away from the cluster that favors Fe₂TiSi formation. The G-phases show only particle coarsening without obvious chemical composition evolution for further aging up to 96 h. A prominent hardness increase of 100-275 HV was also observed during aging. These findings provide valuable insight into methods for precipitating low lattice mismatch silicide phases for the development of future high strength steels.