Prandtl ternary nanofluid flow with magnetohydrodynamics and thermal effects over a 3D stretching surface using convective boundary conditions

This study investigates the three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer characteristics of a Prandtl ternary nanofluid over a stretching surface under convective boundary conditions. The significance of this work lies in its potential to enhance thermal management in advanced industrial processes through optimized heat and mass transfer. Despite extensive research on nanofluids, there remains a research gap in comprehensively integrating the effects of magnetohydrodynamics, porosity, and complex thermal phenomena, such as thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, and activation energy, in ternary nanofluid systems. The primary objective of this work is to address this gap by formulating and numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations using similarity transformations and the shooting method. Our analysis reveals that parameters such as the Prandtl number, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and magnetic field strength significantly influence the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration profiles. The findings provide critical insights into the role of these parameters in enhancing heat transfer performance, thereby offering a robust framework for optimizing thermal systems in industrial applications.