Polymer engineering in hydrogel-based moisture-electric generators for green energy harvesting

Hydrogel-based moisture-electric generators (HMEGs) have emerged as a promising technology for sustainable energy harvesting by utilizing ambient moisture. This article highlights recent advancements in HMEG development, focusing on innovative hydrogel designs to enhance energy output and practical applicability. Hydrogels provide a highly efficient medium for water absorption and ion transport, but their limited moisture generation performance necessitates polymer engineering strategies. Protonation doping and the incorporation of other cations, such as sodium ions, have been shown to significantly improve electrical output. Furthermore, dual-network hydrogels enhance both mechanical robustness and energy conversion efficiency. Future research should focus on improving scalability through large-scale fabrication techniques, enhancing durability under varying environmental conditions, and optimizing hydrogel properties for wearable and implantable applications. With continued material and engineering innovations, HMEGs hold great potential for advancing self-powered electronics and sustainable energy solutions.