Personality heterogeneity in residents' participation behavior in urban settlement regeneration: An explanation based on the extended theory of planned behavior

While resident participation in urban settlement regeneration is globally endorsed, developing inclusive and sustainable participation mechanisms remains challenging. This study aims to elucidate the determinants of participation behavior, emphasizing personality traits' role in behavior heterogeneity. A framework combining the theory of planned behavior with Bourdieu's theory of practice was developed to examine both psychological factors (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, behavior intention) and social practice factors (habitus, social capital, field) that influence participation behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the study analyzes data from 505 residents in regenerated settlements in Chongqing, China, to examine how these factors affect three types of participation behavior: expressing opinions, burdening funds, and acquiring information. Through hierarchical K-means clustering, respondents were classified into temperate, positive, and radicalized personality groups to explore how personality traits shape behavior mechanisms. It reveals that psychological and social practice factors have varying effects across different types of participation behavior. Personality heterogeneity leads to individual differences in behavior, psychological attributes, and social practice conditions, while also affecting the strength and complexity of these relationships. This study helps to expand personality heterogeneity in the influence mechanisms of different types of participation behavior, offering insights for promoting differentiated resident participation in settlement regeneration.