Offshore AC fault protection of diode rectifier unit-based HVdc system for wind energy transmission

Offshore ac fault protection of wind turbines (WTs) connecting with diode rectifier unit-based high-voltage dc (DRU-HVdc) system is investigated in this paper. A voltage-error-dependent fault current injection is proposed to regulate the WT current during offshore ac fault transients and quickly provide fault current for fault detection. Considering different fault locations, the fault characteristics during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are presented and the requirements for fault detection are addressed. A simple and effective offshore ac fault protection solution, combining both overcurrent protection and differential protection, is proposed by utilizing the developed fast fault current providing control. To improve system availability, reduced dc voltage of the DRU-HVdc system is investigated, where one of the series-connected DRUs is disconnected and the onshore modular multilevel converter actively reduces dc voltage to resume wind power transmission. The proposed scheme is robust to various offshore ac faults and can automatically restore normal operation. Simulation results confirm the proposed fault protection strategy.