NiCo₂S₄ nanoparticles anchored in the 3D interpenetrating framework composed of GNs and CNTs toward enhanced sodium storage performance

NiCo₂S₄ as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) with rich redox potential and high theoretical specific capacity, but suffers the poor conductivity and severe volume expansion. The electrode materials with a three-dimensional (3D) framework can facilitate the migration of ions/electrons, enhance structural stability, and alleviate the volume expansion during charging/discharging. Herein, we report the NiCo₂S₄ nanoparticles anchored on a 3D interpenetrating framework consisting of graphene nanosheets (GNs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to solve the above issues. Benefiting from the structural stability and superior conductivity in special 3D structure, the as-prepared NCS@GNs@CNTs electrode delivers a high initial discharge/charge capacity (558.1/538.8 mAh g¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹), superior cyclic stability (362.8 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 200 mA g⁻¹) and an excellent rate capability (311.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 5000 mA g⁻¹). Furthermore, the sodium-ion full-cell Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C-NCS@GNs@CNTs test demonstrates that NCS@GNs@CNTs exhibits good cycling stability and further illustrates the possibility in practical applications.