Nano-magnetite enhances dissimilated iron reduction to vivianite from sewage by structuring an enormous and compact electron transfer network

Acting as both terminal and conductor of extracellular electron transfer (EET), little studies were focused on how nano-magnetite participated in the dissimilated iron reduction (DIR), especially the synthesis of vivianite, which was the typical DIR products from sewage. In this study, nano-magnetite was confirmed to enhance DIR of ferrihydrite and akaganeite for vivianite recovery from sewage. Nano-magnetite incorporation enriched Comamonas and Geobacter in sewage, and microbial protein content was increased by 123 % and 57 % in ferrihydrite and akaganeite batches, respectively. In Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA pure culture, vivianite yield was promoted by 21 % and 37 % in ferrihydrite and akaganeite batches in the presence of nano-magnetite, respectively. Due to its nanoscale size and superior electrical conductivity, nano-magnetite embedded in the gaps formed by the microorganisms and electron acceptor, and architected coherent conductive pathways to promote EET. Simultaneously, the addition of nano-magnetite stimulated the secretion of proteins, polysaccharides, and humic acids in the extracellular polymeric substances. Nano-magnetite addition structured an enormous and compact electron transfer network, thus enhanced DIR and vivianite formation. Our study proposed a new strategy to promote iron-reduction-coupled phosphorus recovery with natural DIR products, and provided theoretical support for clarifying the interaction between minerals and microorganisms.