Multiscale engineering of functional organic polymer interfaces for neuronal stimulation and recording

Development of new materials and technologies for neural interfacing, stimulation and recording has attracted increasing attention. Specifically, the applications of new polymeric materials and technologies for neuron science and engineering could benefit the treatment of neural diseases and recovery of nerve injuries, as well as establishment of brain-machine interfaces that benefit patients suffering from neural diseases or injuries. In the present review, we summarize recent progress on chemistry and processing of organic polymers across a broad range of electrically insulating polymers, semiconducting polymers and conducting polymers for neural interfacing. We particularly focus on cutting-edge techniques for neuronal stimulation, including topographical and/or biochemical guidance, optical/electrical stimulation, and techniques for recording of neuronal responses.