Multi-criteria decision-making for enhancing seismic resilience of buildings via optimization of isolation system and nonstructural components

Conventional seismic design, which primarily targets life safety, is insufficient to ensure the post-earthquake functionality of buildings. To address these limitations, including the restriction of resilience enhancement to a single earthquake intensity, the mismatch between optimized isolation parameters and practical bearing selections, and the absence of systematic strategies linking isolation systems with the strengthening of nonstructural components, a progressive resilience-oriented framework is proposed. The framework integrates four interconnected modules: isolation optimization, bearing mapping, strengthening of nonstructural components, and multi-criteria decision-making. Multi-objective optimization of isolation layer parameters is conducted using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II to balance structural seismic responses and isolation layer displacements. Optimized parameters are subsequently mapped to practical bearing types through integer linear programming with lexicographic optimization, minimizing deviations in parameters and costs. An additional optimization model is developed to determine strengthening strategies for nonstructural components by balancing functional loss and strengthening cost across multiple earthquake intensity levels. Candidate seismic resilience enhancement schemes are evaluated using entropy-weighted TOPSIS and AHP-TOPSIS methods. Two case studies demonstrate that this framework effectively reduces functional losses and enhances seismic resilience. These findings provide a systematic and practical pathway for advancing seismic design from a safety-oriented approach toward a resilience-oriented framework.