Metal-organic frameworks derived emerging theranostic platforms

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with numerous building units and intrinsic porous structures, have the potential to serve as adaptable sacrificial templates/precursors for fabrication of limitless multifunctional structures. In particular, the development of emerging nanotechnology has catalyzed the generation of MOF derivatives in nanomedicine. However, no comprehensive/systematic review on the development and bioapplications of MOF derivatives, featured with properties beyond MOF templates, has been introduced. This review primarily focuses on summarizing the recent advances in MOF derivatives, including MOF-derived micro-/nano-structures and dissociates. This novel type of nanomaterial represents an unprecedented but highly efficient theranostic platform for biomedical applications, which is regarded as a new sub-discipline in the fast-developing nanomedicine. Firstly, the general synthesis routes of MOF-derived micro-/nano-structures and dissociates are introduced. Secondly, this paper reviews the most fascinating advantages of using MOFs as the sacrificial templates/precursors in fabrication and bioapplication of MOF derivatives. Thirdly, we discuss their potential applications in biosensing, bioimaging, anticancer therapy, anti-infection and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we offer our observations on the obstacles and outlooks regarding the future creation and advancement of MOF derivatives. The combination of chemistry, nanotechnology, and biomedicine is expected to greatly advance the development of MOF-based derivatives, ultimately benefiting human health through this tutorial review.