Lewis base multisite ligand engineering in efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have stood out from many photovoltaic technologies due to their flexibility, cost-effectiveness and high-power conversion efficiency (PCE). Nevertheless, the further development of PSCs is greatly hindered by the trap-induced non-radiative recombination losses and poor long-term work stability. In the past decade, the huge advancements have been obtained on suppressing nonradiative recombination and enhancing device durability. Among them, the multisite ligands (MSLs) engineering plays a crucial role in precise control and directional modification of functional layers and interfaces, which contributes to markedly increased PCE and lifetimes of PSCs. In view of this, this review summarizes the advances of MSLs in PSCs. From the perspective of functional groups and chemical interaction, the modulation mechanisms of properties of different functional layers and interfaces and device performance via various MSLs are deeply investigated and revealed. Finally, the prospects for the application and development direction of MSLs in PSCs are legitimately proposed.