Innovative lithium-ion battery recycling: Sustainable process for recovery of critical materials from lithium-ion batteries

Innovative lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling is crucial as the market share of LIBs in the secondary battery market has expanded. This increase is due to the surge in demand for a power source for electronic gadgets and electric vehicles. The daily increment of the number of spent LIBs provides a commercial opportunity to recover and recycle various components of the batteries. Recycled components, including their cathode and anode, are utilized for battery production. This paper provides a review of the treatments of spent LIBs' cathode materials, some of which are wet and fire recovery processes, mechanochemical, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical treatments. This review paper summarises several studies on the recycling of spent cathode LIBs treatments and explores the economic and environmental challenges, future perspectives, and recycling applications of several companies, including Akkuser and Deusenfeld.