Highly efficient reduction of bromate by vacuum UV/sulfite system

Bromate (BrO3-), a worldwide regulated by-product after ozone disinfection, is often detected in bromide-containing water, and has a strict limit of 10 μg L⁻¹ in potable water. BrO3- degradation by advanced reduction processes (ARPs) has gained much attention because of efficient removal and easy integration with ultraviolet disinfection (UV at 254 nm). In the vacuum UV (VUV, 185/254 nm)/sulfite system, the elimination kinetics of BrO₃⁻ increased by 9-fold and 15-fold comparing with VUV alone and UV/sulfite system. This study further demonstrated the hydrated electron (eaq-) works as the dominant species in BrO3- degradation in alkaline solution, while in the acidic solution the H• became a secondary reactive species besides e_aq⁻. Hence, the influences of pH, sulfite concentration, dissolved gas and water matrix on effectiveness of degradation kinetics of BrO3- was explored in details. With increasing pH, the proportion of SO₃²⁻ species increased and even became the major ones, which also correlated well with the k_obs (min⁻¹) of BrO₃⁻ degradation. The stability of e_aq⁻ also climbs with increasing pH, while that of H• drops significantly. Higher sulfite dosage favored a more rapid degradation of BrO₃⁻. The presence of dissolved oxygen inhibited BrO3- removal due to the scavenging effect of O₂ toward e_aq⁻ and transformed VUV/sulfite-based ARP to an advanced oxidation process (AOP), which was ineffective for BrO3- removal. BrO3- removal was inhibited to varying degrees after anions (e.g., bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻)) and humic acid (HA) being added.