Hierarchical Adaptive Control of the Cyber–Physical Power System With MMC-MTDC for Transient Stability Improvement

Large-scale wind power integration into the power system has promoted the development of a multiterminal DC (MTDC) transmission grid with a modular multilevel converter (MMC). Basically, MTDC with MMC is a typical cyber–physical system with continuous coupling interactions between cyber assets and power systems. However, cyber events may introduce many internet-based vulnerabilities and even result in the loss of transient stability of the power system. Therefore, a voltage compensation-based two-level hierarchical adaptive control strategy is proposed in this article. At the higher level, a modified MMC output current reference calculation method is developed in the αβ framework to guarantee the transient stability of the power system, whereas a feedback adjustment method is proposed in the MMC control framework, at the bottom level, to contain the controller from deviating from its output reference while eliminating the impact of cyber communication delay on transient stability. The article shows that the proposed hierarchical control strategy can improve the transient stability of the power grid under the interference of three-phase ground faults in physical and communication delays in the cyber layer. Finally, the simulation results of the modified IEEE 9-bus test system with MMC–MTDC are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.