Fate and toxicity of graphene oxide in aquatic environment

As a special graphene derivative, graphene oxide features unique properties and broad applicability in a wide range of industrial areas. However, due to its high hydrophilicity and surface reactivity, its fate and environmental risks to aquatic organisms in the environment have drawn considerable attention worldwide recently. Therefore, more knowledge regarding the aquatic behaviors and ecological effects of graphene oxide is of great importance to guide its future application and recovery. In this context, this review summarized a list of literature concerning the fate of graphene oxide in the environment, including dispersion/aggregation, adsorption, and reduction of graphene oxide, as well as its toxicity to a variety of aquatic organisms, such as zooplanktons and fishes. Accordingly, this paper discussed some challenges and prospects of its use on future studies.