External and internal Cultivation: Design for Mo-doped SnS₂/SnO₂ heterostructure on N-doped graphene achieves Kinetics-Enhanced and Superior-Lithium storage performance

In this work, the Mo-doped SnS₂/SnO₂ with N-doped graphene (Mo-SnS₂/SnO₂/NG) composites were composited by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. This hybrid material is of supreme importance to improving the charge storage kinetics and practicality of tin-based materials from the inside out. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the Mo-doped SnS₂/SnO₂ heterojunction interface is more favorable for charge transport and interfacial reaction kinetics than pure SnO₂ and SnS₂, and the coupling between heterojunctions can alleviate the drawbacks of individual building blocks, thereby enhancing the Li⁺ storage capacity. Furthermore, Mo-SnS₂/SnO₂ quantum dots (2.5–4.5 nm) with nanoscale morphology can effectively shorten the Li⁺ diffusion path and mitigate the volume change, while the N-doped graphene (NG) substrate can provide superior electrical conductivity and stability. As a result, as an anode material for Li⁺ batteries, it has initial coulombic efficiency of close to 80 % and can maintain the excellent performance of 2052.4 mAh g^-1 for 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^-1. This work suggests that Mo-SnS₂/SnO₂/NG nanohybrid materials will have great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.