Exploration of metal organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks for energy-related applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) are constituting two new classes of highly crystalline advanced permeable materials that have purchased significant courtesy due to their incredible characteristic such as large surface area, highly ordered pores/channels, and controllable crystalline structure. However, the main hurdles to their various applications in photocatalytic activity and novel energy storage/conversion devices are their low structural stability and electrical conductivities. Therefore, substantial research has been directed to maximize their advantages and mitigate the shortcomings of these fascinating materials. In this review article, we first introduced the background and brief timeline of COF/MOF development and notable milestones followed by a systematic overview of the different synthetic procedures and recent achievements and milestones of their applications in CO₂ reduction, hydrogen production, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and supercapacitors (SCs). Finally, the challenges and future perspectives on further developing high-performance COF/MOF materials for photocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage application are discussed.