Environment-meteorology interactions with PM: Structural equation modeling and regression analysis

To investigate the temporal variations of meteorological (MET) factors and PM concentrations, as well as the correlation between MET and environmental (ENV) parameters and PM across various open space types (OSTs) in Harbin. The research results show that significant differences in MET and PM exist among OSTs, suggesting that OSTs can reflect variations in urban PM concentrations. The greening-concentration type (GCT) and plaza-concentration type (PCT) have a higher real-time air temperature (RAEMA) and real-time relative humidity (RRH), and lower real-time wind speed (RWS) relative to building-concentration type (BCT) and traffic-pavement-concentration type (TPCT). However, PM concentration is higher in GCT and PCT. RWS and SVF are the main factors resulting in PM concentration in GCT and BCT, while Percentage of trees (PTr) and RWS are the main factors resulting in PM concentration in TPCT and PCT. In addition, the MET parameters have a deeper influence on PM concentrations than ENV parameters. The study provides a novel insight by examining the impact of urban land cover and MET factors on PM, offering scientific recommendations for sustainable urban design to mitigate air pollution in severe cold climate.