Energy-saving glass with asymmetrically doped core-shell nanoparticles for photoelectric synergistic regulation

Conventional building windows exhibit inherent limitations in solar energy utilization due to the trade-off between high visible transparency and effective photon harvesting. Nanoparticle doping offers a promising approach to regulating optical properties for energy efficient glazing. In this work, an energy-saving glass incorporating photovoltaic layers doped with asymmetrically distributed core-shell nanoparticles is proposed and systematically optimized. Using a multi-objective optimization framework, the designed multilayer structure achieves a balanced performance, delivering an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 30.7% together with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 21.5% at an optimization weight ratio of 1:1 between transmittance and photovoltaic performance. By adjusting the nanoparticle configurations, photovoltaic materials, and optimization weights, the optical-electrical performance can be tailored for different application requirements. To assess practical applicability, building energy simulations are conducted under representative climatic conditions. Compared with conventional clear glass and Low-E glass, the proposed glazing exhibits reduced cooling demand while enabling additional electricity generation through photovoltaic conversion. Furthermore, global evaluations based on Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) intensity demonstrate stable energy-saving potential across diverse climate zones. These results indicate that asymmetric core-shell nanoparticle doping provides an effective route to simultaneously achieving spectral selectivity, photovoltaic energy harvesting, and improved building energy performance.