Energy management and planning methods for battery energy storage systems under end-state frequency response service markets in the UK

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are key units to deal with fluctuating renewable generation by offering frequency responses (FRs). To facilitate the deployment of grid-scale BESS for FR, this paper proposes energy management and planning methods for BESS in the context of end-state FR service markets in the UK. Driven by the specific market mechanisms, the energy management method dynamically adjusts half-hour operational baseline profiles to mitigate deviations of state of energy forecasts from target energy footroom/headroom levels. Then, the lifecycle BESS operation and economics are simulated, based on which the equivalent annual annuity of the BESS project is maximised by optimising BESS capacities and target energy levels as well as FR bidding capacities. The proposed methods are applied to a stand-alone BESS providing either or both Dynamic Containment and Dynamic Moderation services, and discussed around FR delivery performance and sensitivity of planning results to clearing prices.