Effects of carbon additives on the HRPSoC performance of lead carbon batteries and their low temperature performance

Effects of different specials carbon materials on the performance of negative plates were studied. The addition of carbon materials P1 and P2 greatly improved the high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) cycle performance of the batteries. A negative plate completed 18489 HRPSoC micro-cycles in the first cycle-set when the concentration of P2 was 0.9%. Special properties are required for the carbon materials to be used as additives to the negative electrode materials. Firstly, the carbon material added to the negative electrode should have a good binding force with lead and lead sulfate. Secondly, the carbon material should have a large specific surface area and a larger pore volume. Addition of bismuth sulfide can inhibit the hydrogen evolution of the lead-carbon negative plates. Negative electrodes modified with a C/Bi₂S₃ composite exhibited good low temperature performance.