Effects of additives blended in corn straw to control agglomeration and slagging in combustion

Four additives including two specimens of kaolin clay, limestone, and a byproduct of a sugar mill (BSM) (mainly CaCO3) were utilized to increase ash fusion temperature (AFT) of corn straw. The results showed that the ash softening temperature (ST) was increased by 250 to 380 °C and agglomeration or slagging could be avoided during combustion with each additive. Meanwhile, the slagging/fouling tendency of all ash samples fell within the "low" range according to alkali index. Lime was shown to have the best effect, which indicated that calcium oxide was the best compound to increase the AFT of corn straw densification (CSDF). Both kaolin specimens made the fusion range very narrow. BSM had the least effect on ST among the four. All the additives diluted the concentration of chlorine by more than 50%. No agglomeration or slagging phenomenon appeared in real boilers burning CSDF with lime blended as additive.