Dynamic Smart Membranes: Real-Time Perception, Self-Response, and AI-Driven Optimization for High-Safety Lithium-Based Batteries

Lithium-based batteries are fundamental to modern energy storage systems, yet their safety remains a critical challenge due to risks such as thermal runaway, dendrite-induced short circuits, and interfacial degradation. Conventional composite membranes, including composite separators and solid electrolytes, have been developed to improve thermal stability, mechanical strength, and ionic conductivity. However, these static materials lack the ability to dynamically respond to real-time operational stresses such as local temperature spikes, mechanical deformation, or evolving electrochemical conditions, leading to persistent safety limitations. To overcome these issues, smart membranes have emerged as a transformative solution, integrating real-time perception, self-responsive mechanisms, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance battery safety proactively. This review systematically addresses the three primary safety issues of conventional composite membranes, including thermal instability, mechanical failure, and ion transport limitations, through detailing how smart membranes leverage embedded sensors for continuous perception, employ self-protection and self-healing functionalities to mitigate risks, and utilize AI for material optimization and failure prediction. Furthermore, we discuss the industrial viability of smart membranes, highlighting challenges related to cost, scalability, and integration, while outlining future directions including multifunctional coupling, wireless sensing, and advanced material designs. Smart membranes represent a transformative advance toward autonomous, safe, and durable next-generation lithium batteries.