Dynamic hysteresis relation for guiding poling condition of high-performance KNN-based ceramics

Currently, the poling condition selection for KNN-based ceramics still requires an inefficient and time-consuming empirical attempt process owing to the lack of relevant theoretical guidance. Herein, the dynamic hysteresis relations and polarization reversal behavior of KNNS-BNZ-Ba ceramics were explored to guide the poling condition selection. The scaling relations of the loop area <A> on electric field amplitude E₀ and frequency f were determined. The three-stages E₀-dependent scaling relation and two-stages f-dependent scaling relation (at the high electric field) were clarified. The relevance between hysteresis dynamics and poling process was analyzed. It suggested that the optimal poling field amplitude corresponds to the terminal electric field of non-180° domain switching. Meanwhile, excellent electromechanical properties (d₃₃ = 408 pC/N, k_p = 51%, and k₃₃ = 69%) were achieved in KNNS-BNZ-Ba ceramics. Our work provides a scientific theory to guide the poling technology in KNN-based ceramics by exploring the polarization reversal kinetics.