Doping engineering toward metal oxides for water splitting

With increasing researches in metal oxides electrocatalysts, strategies such as phase engineering and morphology engineering have been extensively developed. Among them, introducing heterogeneous dopants is a promising way to improve the activity of electrocatalysts. The dopants that vary from anion to cation could improve the conductivity of nanostructure and tune the electronic structure. Co-doping engineering brings synergetic effects of different elements. As we step into the inner mechanism of catalysis, single-atom doping shows great potential in maximizing active sites as well as competitive cost.