Developments and key challenges in micro/nanostructured binary transition metal oxides for lithium-ion battery anodes

High energy density electrodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have confirmed a successful method to reach the challenges in automobile industries and electronics in the future as LIBs are one of the key parts of them. Due to the advantages and shortcomings of each group of electrode materials and having the pose of improving the battery performance, electrode materials must be properly chosen. Binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) have recently attracted increasing research interest worldwide as a LIB anode material due to their remarkable electrochemical properties. This review discusses the developments and challenges of micro/nanostructured BTMOs and their different types of nanoarchitecture the anode materials for LIB applications. Overall, the conversion reaction mechanism, electrochemical energy storage characteristics, micro/nanostructure, synthesis methods, and finally the challenges associated with the enhancement of LIB anodes using BTMOs are summarized.