Development of three-dimensional electrode in refractory organic wastewater treatment

The classification and the characteristics of electrochemical wastewater treatment technology enhanced by three-dimensional electrodes are introduced. Special emphasis is put on the status of its development and application, and the combined techniques which united three-dimensional electrodes with electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, ultrasonic, biocatalytic, flocculation and adsorption technology. The main trends of the research are to improve the catalytic activity of electrodes and increase current efficiency, and to reduce the polarization of electrodes so as to decrease energy consumption. Finally, the development of three-dimensional electrodes is also reviewed, such as developing efficient three-dimensional electrodes and reactor, and one integrating with other technologies in one system and associating with other unit processes as a combined treatment scheme.