Cross-sectoral carbon emission flow model based three-stage low-carbon planning framework of integrated electricity‑hydrogen-transportation system

As the climate crisis worsens, carbon reduction becomes a global focus. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), as a low-carbon alternative to traditional vehicles, have developed rapidly in recent years, promoting the coupling between the electricity, transportation and hydrogen sectors. However, the hydrogen supply system remains underdeveloped, which poses a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of HFCVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-stage low-carbon planning framework to optimize the deployment of hydrogen supply infrastructures, with special consideration given to operational carbon emission constraints. The framework comprises three systematic stages: infrastructure planning, electricity‑hydrogen-transportation system cooperation, and cross-sectoral carbon emission analysis. Especially, in the hydrogen delivery process, a hybrid delivery method is adopted, which incorporates both hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen tube trailers (HTTs). Furthermore, for operational carbon emission analysis, a cross-sectoral carbon emission flow (CSCEF) model is proposed to trace the carbon footprint throughout the electricity‑hydrogen-transportation system. Then, a no-good cut based solution method is used for solving the proposed three-stage low-carbon planning model. Validated by case studies, the proposed framework significantly enhances the hydrogen supply efficiency by the hybrid delivery method, and reduces 81.8% of operational carbon emissions after low-carbon planning.