Compromised Control of DC Microgrids With ZIP Loads and Nonnegligible Line Loss

For DC microgrids with ZIP loads and nonnegligible line resistances, three essential control objectives are current sharing, voltage regulation, and line loss minimization. However, existing distributed secondary control approaches typically only address one or two of these objectives; or rely on optimization-based formulations with limited real-time applicability. To address this gap, this article proposes a distributed compromised control strategy that simultaneously coordinates current sharing, voltage regulation, and line loss minimization through a tunable control-law-level framework, without solving centralized optimization problems. A dynamic model of the closed-loop DC microgrid is established, and stability is analyzed using singular perturbation theory and root-locus analysis. Hardware-in-the-loop experiments on a four-bus DC microgrid testbed illustrate the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed framework under representative practical operating scenarios.