Comprehensive characterization of particulate intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from heavy-duty diesel vehicles using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Tailpipe emissions from three heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), complying with varying emission standards and installed with diverse aftertreatment technologies, are collected at a certified chassis dynamometer laboratory. The HDDV-emitted intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compound (I/SVOC) emission and the gas-particle partitioning of the I/SVOCs are investigated. Over 4000 compounds are identified and grouped into 21 categories. The dominant compound groups of particulate I/SVOCs are alkanes and phenolic compounds. For HDDVs without aftertreatment devices, i.e., diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and diesel particulate filters (DPFs), the emitted I/SVOCs partition dramatically into the gas phase (accounting for ∼ 93 % of the total I/SVOC mass), with a few exceptions: hopane, four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4rings), and five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH5rings). For HDDVs with DPFs and DOCs, the particulate fractions are reduced to a negligible level (i.e., less than 2 %). Nevertheless, 50 % of the total two-ring PAH mass is detected in the particle phase, which is much higher than the high-molecular-weight PAHs, arising from the positive sampling artifact of quartz filter absorbing organic vapors. The positive sampling artifact of quartz filter absorbing organic vapors is clearly observed, and uncertainties are discussed and quantified. Particulate I/SVOCs at low-speed, middle-speed, and high-speed phases are collected and analyzed separately. The emission factor (EF) distribution of the speciated organic aerosol (OA) on a two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) space reveals that the fractions of OA with oxygen to carbon (O : C) ratios > 0.3 (0.4, 0.5) are 18.2 % (11.5 %, 9.5 %), 23 % (15.4 %, 13.6 %), and 29.1 % (20.6 %, 19.1 %) at the low-speed, middle-speed, and high-speed stages. These results help to resolve complex organic mixtures and trace the evolution of OA.