Comparative investigation of X-ray contrast medium degradation by UV/chlorine and UV/H₂O₂

The degradation of iopamidol and diatrizoate sodium (DTZ) by UV/chlorine was carried out according to efficiency, mechanism, and oxidation products, and compared to that by UV/H₂O₂. The pseudo-first order rate (k′) of iopamidol and DTZ was accelerated by UV/chlorine compared to that by UV and chlorine alone. k′ of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine increased with increasing chlorine dosage. Both of iopamidol and DTZ could not be effectively removed by UV/H₂O₂ compared to that by UV/chlorine. Secondary radicals (Cl₂^[rad]− and ClO[rad]) rather than primary radicals (HO[rad] and Cl[rad]) were demonstrated to be mainly responsible for the enhanced removal of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine. The oxidation products of iopamidol and DTZ resulting from UV/chlorine and UV/H₂O₂ process were identified, and differences existed in the two systems. IO₃⁻ (the desired sink of I⁻) was the major inorganic product in the UV/chlorine process whereas I⁻ was the predominant inorganic product in the UV/H₂O₂ process. The formation of chlorine-containing products during the degradation of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine was also observed. H-abstraction, additions, de-iodination were shared during the degradation of iopamidol by UV/chlorine and UV/H₂O₂. Neutral pH condition was preferred for the removal of iopamidol and DTZ by UV/chlorine. UV/chlorine could also be applied in real waters for the removal of iopamidol and DTZ.