Bioprinting of wearable sensors, brain-machine interfaces, and exoskeleton robots

Bioprinting holds the promise of producing biocompatible structures capable of seamlessly integrating with human physiology, improving human health by enabling the precise fabrication of tissue models that closely mimic the architecture and functions of human skin, brain, and bone. Building on the advancements of bioprinting, there has been a corresponding increase in cross-disciplinary innovations in wearable technologies, brain-machine interfaces, and exoskeleton robotics. Given the progress of bioprinting in skin study, wearable electronics are expected to have improved biocompatibility and integration with the human body. For patient-specific neural tissues created using bioprinting, the potential to replicate neural activities through the synergy of bioprinting and brain-machine interfaces presents opportunities to enhance the performance of more advanced neuromorphic systems. Inspired by the advancements of bioprinting in producing patient-specific bone grafts and scaffolds, this technology could bridge the gap between mechanical systems and biomechanics, redefining the limits of skeleton robotics. This review explores the advancements of bioprinting in wearable sensors, brain-machine interfaces, and exoskeleton robots, and briefly addresses the existing and potential challenges in interdisciplinary research.